Physician Assisted Suicide Is A Human Right - 1809 Words

â€Å"Death with dignity is a human right: to retain control until the very end and, if the quality of your life is too poor, to decide to end your suffering; the dignity comes from exercising the choice† 1 Have you ever had to watch a loved one suffer, with no chance of recovery? Cancer, and other fatal diseases take the lives of people we love every day. It’s hard to sit by and watch someone suffering when they are ready to let go. Think about an animal who is terminal and in pain, the only reason we would keep them alive would be based on our own selfishness. To keep a person alive when they are terminally ill and ready to let go is inhumane. For this reason, an adult suffering from a terminal illness should have say over their own destiny, and physician-assisted suicide should be legalized throughout the country. â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide differs from euthanasia, which is defined as the act of assisting people with their death in order to end their suffering, but without the backing of a controlling legal authority.† 2 Physician-assisted suicide gives the legal authority to a physician who can prvide a patient with a lif ending dose of pills. A terminally ill patient first makes the decision to end their life. After required documentation, a doctor will administer a lethal dose of pills, and the patient is able to take them and end their life at the time that they see fit. This practice is currently legal in 6 states; Washington, Oregon, California, Vermont, Montana, andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics of Euthanasia Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesmisery, however in the state of North Carolina, physician-assisted suicide is illegal. Luckily, her father passed away this year and is finally free of pain and suffering. However, if physician-assisted suicide was legal, her father would not have had to suffer as long as he did. Before we explore the sides of physician-assisted suicide, let’s go over exactly what physician-assisted suicide entails. When the topic of physician-assisted suicide comes up, many individuals believe it is the sameRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looksRead MoreThe Right to Commit Physician-Assisted Suicide1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe Right to Commit Physician-Assisted Suicide Physician-assisted suicide is suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician who is aware of how the patient intends to use such means or information (â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide†). Physician-assisted suicide should be accessible to the incurably ill patient. Allowing a patient to have this freedom could, for one, bypass tremendous pain and suffering.Read MorePhysician Assisted Suicide is NOT Ethical Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesIs physician assisted suicide morally right? This has been a controversial subject for some time now. People are wondering whether or not it is the most humane thing to do. If dogs can be putdown, why not people? The reason is in that question. They are people. Every life is important, no matter how long it may be. Instead of finding a way to get rid of people faster, the government could put those efforts in something more positive. If other people are considering whether or not the patients’ lifeRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1629 Words   |  7 Pagespeacefully is a valuable option that every human should be able to make for themselves. For those with terminal illnesses or major health problems, assisted suicide creates options to reduce the amount of suffering the patient must enduring. Dying with dignity could be beneficial for not only the person who is dying, but also the person’s family and loved ones. This option, however, is often viewed as unethical and immoral throughout society. Physician-assisted suicide offers an option for those with healthRead MorePros And Cons Of Assisted Suicide1743 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is assisted suicide? Merriam-Webster lists assisted suicide as â€Å"suicide committed by someone with assistance from another† (Assisted Suicide, n.d.). Particularly by a licensed health care provider/physician willing to participate and authorized by the stat e. The physician will assist with, in administering an approved prescription drug and a lethal dosage. Assisted suicide acts upon the legal request and approval of state law and patient request for the reasons of a terminal condition in orderRead MoreLegalizing Physician Assisted Suicide1140 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent society, legalizing physician assisted suicide is a prevalent argument. In 1997, the Supreme Court recognized no federal constitutional right to physician assisted suicide (Harned 1) , which defines suicide as one receiving help from a physician by means of a lethal dosage (Pearson 1), leaving it up to state legislatures to legalize such practice if desired. Only Oregon and Washington have since legalized physician assisted suicide. People seeking assisted suicide often experience slanted judgmentsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Is physician assisted suicide ethical? Physician assisted suicide is an up and coming ethical question that examines a person’s right to their own death. Many people support physician assisted suicide, citing that it can save a lot of pain and suffering. Others claim that the concept of physician assisted suicide is a slippery slope. A slippery slope in the sense that if society accepts euthanasia as a rightful death for the terminally ill, they will potentially acceptRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Allowed?895 Words   |  4 PagesShould physicians be allowed to help patients determine the timing and circumstances of their death? The â€Å"right to die† debate is a very sensitive and complex issue in modern culture. While suicide is a legal act in the United States, assisted suicide is not. Opinions on the subject are shaped by countless factors such as ethical issues, social issues, and primarily religious issues. Many people are opposed to the legaliza tion of physician assisted suicide for â€Å"moral† reasons, however, legalizationRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Morally Permissible1663 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician assisted suicide should be morally permissible. Patients who are in constant suffering and pain have the right to end their misery at their own discretion. This paper will explore my thesis, open the floor to counter arguments, explain my objections to the counter arguments, and finally end with my conclusion. I agree with Brock when he states that the two ethical values, self-determination and individual well-being, are the focal points for the argument of the ethical permissibility of

Center For Applied Linguistics What Is An Assessment...

Center for Applied Linguistics What is an assessment portfolio? An assessment portfolio is a compilation of a student s authentic work over a particular period. The assessment portfolio allows for identifying growth in a concise package. The collection of work includes grading guidelines, the rational for the evaluations chosen, and allow for self-awareness. What are the advantages of assessment portfolio systems for ELLs? The portfolio of assessment allows students to guide their personal, academic goals by composing academic evidence of their abilities. A portfolio allows a visual understanding of accomplishments each ELL student has achieved. It allows for an open grading scale. The collection of work allows students to have the input of the academic success.The ideology of the collection of work encompasses positive attributes that allow students another positive interaction throughout their academic day. What are the challenges of assessment portfolios? Portfolios of any type require an extensive amount of time and organization, especially depending on classroom size. There may be limitations to the value of an assessment portfolio. A factor of these constraints may include the view of bias (positive or negative) from the educator perception of the child s growth and potential. The fact that materials listed in the documentation are not based on standardized testing models lack credibility for some school districts. I have questions dealing with classShow MoreRelated The Issue with Traditional Testing Methods Essay3581 Words   |  15 Pagesplace in a non-discriminatory manner, adjustments must be made. According to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), â€Å"Alternative assessment is any form of measuring what students know and are able to do other than traditional standardized tests. Alternative forms of assessment include portfolios that are collections of stu dents work over time, performance-based assessments, and other means of testing students such as open-ended essays with no single correct answer, and project work thatRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 PagesIntelligences Seminar/Workshop Content Outline: PART I – Explanation 1. What is the theory of multiple intelligences (M.I.)? 2. How does this theory differ from the traditional definition of intelligence? 3. What do multiple intelligences have to do with my classroom? 4. How has M.I. theory developed since it was introduced in 1983? 5. Who are the critics of this theory and what do they say? 6. What are some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my schoolRead MoreConducting Action Research in the Foreign Language Classroom3273 Words   |  14 PagesNortheast Conference 1998 New York, NY Anna Uhl Chamot Sarah Barnhardt Susan Dirstine Materials Contributor: Jennifer Kevorkian National Capital Language Resource Center 2011 Eye Street NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20006 THE NATIONAL CAPITAL LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY/ THE CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS/ THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY NORTHEAST CONFERENCE 1998 CONDUCTING ACTION RESEARCH Foreign language teachers develop insights into their students’ learning from observingRead MorePortfolio Integrative Essay : Portfolio3159 Words   |  13 Pages Portfolio Integrative Essay Summative Evaluation. Kendra Andersson Simpson University CP6410- Seminar and Capstone Patsy Shealy, PhD, LMFT July 24, 2015 Portfolio Integrative Essay Summative Evaluation. In this final essay for the Portfolio Capstone Project, I will demonstrate my ability to integrate the knowledge and skills I have acquired during this program. This writing will include a brief written demonstration of each competencies using preselected prompts. The followingRead MoreMisconceptions on Learner Autonomy: a Methodological and Conceptual Renewal4972 Words   |  20 Pageslearner-centered approaches. As the learner has become the center of the foreign language teaching, autonomy has been attributed to the learner as one of the essential capabilities that a learner should have. Learners are the ones who are in charge of learning. To motivate learners in language education can happen only if the learners can learn on their own as well as the cooperation with teachers and their peers. Thus learner autonomy as applied to language learning means students’ taking more controlRead MoreUnderstanding 21st Century Skills† in English Language Classrooms3761 Words   |  16 Pagesmain thrust of this movement is to make learners a productive contributors to upcoming society, for this it is necessary for the teachers to enable the learners to quickly learn the core content of a field of knowledge while also mastering a broad portfolio of essentials in learning, innovation, technology, and careers skills needed for work and life. Through multimodal activities, students will explore key elements of design such as color, shape, size, texture, density, and layout to understand andRead MoreDual Language4991 Words   |  20 Pages Table of Contents Abstract 2 Features of Dual Language Education Programs 4 Assessment and Accountability 6 Curriculum 6 Instruction 7 Staff Quality 10 Professional Development 12 Program Structure 14 Family and Community 16 Support and Resources 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Abstract What is Dual language? Dual language is a form of bilingual education that teaches students, as young as pre-kRead More2010 Secondary Education Curriculum in English6955 Words   |  28 Pagesfunctional literacy. This became a primary consideration in the design of the curriculum and the formulation of standards and the essential understandings from which the content of the curriculum was derived. The results of national and international assessments were reviewed and analyzed for their implications for teaching and learning. The findings were used to further tighten the standards and improve the delivery of the curriculum and the teaching-learning process. The results of the evaluation of theRead MoreStrategic Information Systems Planning (Literature Review)8531 Words   |  35 Pages3.1 Inverted U- curve: Law of diminishing returns 3.2 Optimization of planning process 4. Factors influencing decision-making 4.1 Environmental factors 4.1.1 SISP Performance in an uncertain environment 4.1.2 Environmental assessment in strategic information systems planning 4.1.2.1 Hypotheses Testing 4.1.3 Uncertainty in SISP Due To Environmental Factors 4.2 SIS and Its Interface with the CEO 4.3 Alignment of SISP with Corporate Strategy Read MoreCommunicative Language Teaching15330 Words   |  62 PagesTeaching Today is distributed with permission from SEAMEO Regional Language Centre and is part of the Portfolio series by SEAMEO Regional Language Centre which holds the copyright to this material. First published 2006 Printed in the United States of America isbn-13 978-0-521-92512-9 paperback Book layout services: Page Designs International Table of Contents Introduction 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 What Is Communicative Language Teaching? The Background to CLT 6 Classroom Activities in Communicative Language

Abnormal Behaviors - 889 Words

1. Your uncle consumes a quart of whiskey per day; he has trouble remembering the names of those around him. Drinking alcohol in some limit may be considered as normal behavior. However, since drinking quarter of whiskey clearly effects brain and bodily functions, we can say this behavior is abnormal. Possible diagnoses would be substance use disorders. One can be drunk after he or she got divorced, however this is not a sign of mental disorder. However, it is clear that my uncle suffers from every day drinking habit. Additionally, if my uncle has trouble remembering the names around him, this indicates that there is an abnormality in brain functions related to memory. We may need to know if he remembers the names in normal times and if†¦show more content†¦This behavior cannot be considered as normal in any condition. There are no cultural differences in such disorder, she will have be diagnosed with same disorder in all countries. 3. Your neighbor has vague physical complaints and sees 2-3 doctors a month. This behavior is abnormal. As in Freud’s Anna O. case (Barlow, Durand, 2012) my neighbor have hysterical symptoms. When normal people are sick, they usually have one or two complains regarding to an illness and once this illness diagnosed, treatment process starts. There is no need to go doctors to doctors. Therefore my neighbor is not seeking to become healthy again, instead he or she seeking to get attention. Additional information may be needed to make sure if he or she has really histrionic personality disorder. How long this behavior continues? Is she or he showing other abnormal behavior such as drinking a lot of pills and worrying and talking about other illnesses? This behavior is normal if she or he has chronic illnesses such as cancer or AIDS. From cultural perspective, I believe there should not be any different to diagnose such behavior. 4. Your neighbor sweeps, washes, and scrubs his driveway daily. This is an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder unless his driveway gets dirty everyday. Additional information can be gathered by clinical interview and questioning the person about his other behaviors and cognitive process. In normal conditions, nobody sweepsShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Human Behavior946 Words   |  4 PagesIn reflecting on the above outlined competency, I found myself thinking, without the existence of abnormal human behavior, my life would not have been as interesting as it currently is. Throughout my adolescent years, primarily through observing others consistently, I was able to develop a profound interest and dedicated pensive thoughts into understanding the cognition and behaviors of human beings. As such, I would spend hours weekly, trying to understand why individuals think differently, seekRead MoreFactors for Abnormal Behavior. 1798 Words   |  8 Pagesfactors influence abnormal behavior? †¢ Biological †¢ Genetic predisposition (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa) †¢ Imbalance of neurotransmitters (anorexia nervosa and depression – serotonin, schizophrenia – depression †¢ Hormones (anorexia nervosa: cortisol, orexin) †¢ Cognitive †¢ Cognitive theorists believe that abnormality is caused by unrealistic, distorted or irrational understanding, perceptions and thoughts about oneself, others or the environment. Abnormal behavior is also causedRead MoreThe Psychology Of Abnormal Behavior2157 Words   |  9 PagesThe Psychology of Abnormal Behavior can be describe as has having a behavior that deviates form what is the expected and normal. If abnormal psychology is the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and though, then Hollywood depiction of mental disorder in the movie Helen meets the criterion of the teaching of Dr. Conley’s Abnormal Psychology class. Goole Play synopsis of the 2008 Sandra Nettelbeck’s Helen. On the outside, Helen( Aheley Judd) has the perfect life a loving family, a beautifulRead More Abnormal Behavior Essays2389 Words   |  10 PagesAbnormal behavior was once viewed as an embarrassment to society. Those who suffered from a mental illness or displayed abnormal behavior were locked away and never spoken of. Today abnormal behavior is viewed much differently. With the study of psychology and the help of the medical field, abnormal behavior has become better understood. This essay will discuss the major theories for the cause of abnormal behavior, how abnormal behavior is diagnosed and what type of behavioral issues are relatedRead MoreAbnormal Behavior And Aberrant Behavior1292 Words   |  6 Pagesaberrant behavior share some common aspects, namely, deviance, dysfunction, danger and distress (â€Å"four Ds†). In other words, mental aberration patterns are usually deviant (atypical, out of the ordinary, radical, possibly even strange), distressing (distasteful and disturbing to the individual), potentially dangerous, and dysfunctional (hampering the individual’s capacity of carrying out everyday tasks constructively). Such a broad description provides a valuable basis for examining the abnormal phenomenaRead MoreAbnormal P sychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pages3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 TRead MoreCase Study-Abnormal Behavior1484 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study in Abnormal Behavior Valvita Isaac PSY/410 April 4, 2011 Dr. Melda Jones CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received whileRead MorePathological Psychology : Abnormal Behavior948 Words   |  4 Pages According to the modern perspective of abnormal psychology, abnormal behavior exists when an individual is behaving dangerously and/or showing patterns of behavior that are dysfunctional. Nevertheless, determining insanity among sanity has proven to be much more complicated than it sounds. An individual whose behavior strays from societal standards is not necessarily abnormally deviant or insane. John Hu simply exhibits behaviors that are different from that of typical European/French social norm sRead MorePsychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior1827 Words   |  8 PagesPsychopathology and Abnormal Behavior Introduction The developments of psychopathology and abnormal behavior sciences have achieved significant progress. However, key issues that seek to determine various causes and presentations of psychopathology continue to emerge. Notably, the identification of a better model or perspective that explains psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by the psychodynamicRead MoreThe Effects Of Abnormal Behavior On The Context Of Psychology1394 Words   |  6 PagesDavidson and Neale suggested the following attributes of abnormal psychology: â€Å"Abnormal psychology includes such characteristics as statistical infrequently, violation of [societal] norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness† (Davidson and Neale, 2). In my view, the definition of abnormal behaviour in the context of psychology has three parts. First, there must be an observable manifestation of abnormality. You must be able to observe the â€Å"disturbance in an individual

Business and Service Industries

Question: You have decided to open up a restaurant in London serving fast food takeaway. You would like to open up 1 restaurant initially and then in a few years open more restaurants in in London. You need to prepare a report to potential investors how you plan to fund and price your products. Answer: Introduction We have decided to open a restaurant in the great city of London. The restaurant will be in nature of fast food takeaway. We have decided to open one such restaurant during first year of operations and we shall expand our business once this restaurant is settled operationally. Sources of Funds available for Business and Service Industries According to Brooks (2009), every business and service industry has following sources to finance its business operations: Equity Share Capital funds from: Friends and Relatives Angel Investors Loan Funds from: Friends and Relatives Venture Capital funds Small business schemes Retained Profit Debt Factoring Equity share capital is the primary source of finance for every business. It is permanent source of finance. Moreover, payment of dividend is no compulsory on equity shares. The company can pay dividend only if it has profits and directors declare dividend. However, as the equity shareholders bear the risk, it is more risky. Moreover, as the dividend is not tax deductible, it also increases cost of equity capital. Equity capital can be raised from existing investors if they are ready to make further investment in the company. It can also be raised from friends and relatives if they are ready to make participation in the ownership of the company. Angel investors are also keen to invest in start up companies with potential to grow big in size and provide huge returns. They can be very good source of finance for start up companies with solid fundamentals (Higgins, 2007). The company can also finance its operations through debt. Debt capital is more flexible as compared to equity as the company can raise and repay debt as per its requirement. Moreover, cost of debt is lower as compared to equity as interest is tax deductible. The company can increase return of equity shareholders with the help of positive financial leverage. However, debt capital carries more risk as the company has to pay interest on debt even if it does not have profits. If the company is unable to serve interest and principle timely, debt holders can demand liquidation of the company. Therefore, debt capital increases financial risk of company. The company can raise debt from friends and relatives if its requirement is low to medium. However, if the finance requirement is high, the company will have to approach bank and bank will finance the company after completing credit check and document formalities. The company will have to mortgage its assets with bank for the purpose of obta ining debt. The company can also raise long term debt from venture capital funds. These funds provide long term finance with flexible interest rate and repayment schedule to start up companies. The rate of interest can be low during the initial stage to support profitability of the company and interest rate can increase at growth stages. Moreover, moratorium is also provided for repayment of principle (James, 2010). Retained profit is also very important source of finance for the company. The company can retain the profit in the business instead of distributing it to the owners if it has cash requirement. The company can get this finance without any cost. The owners will also be happy as the company is employing their funds profitably (Yescombe, 2002). Creditors are also very important source of financing working capital of the company. The company can negotiate with the suppliers for better credit terms and it can also request the suppliers to enhance credit period to support its working capital requirement. The biggest advantage of this source is that it comes without any additional cost if terms are properly negotiated (Yescombe, 2002). The company can also discount its accounts receivables with the factoring company and get finance against its accounts receivables. This debt can be repaid from proceeds of accounts receivables (Yescombe, 2002). Thus, it can be said that there are various sources of finance for the business and it can raise finance according to its requirement. Source of Income According to Neal Pike (2009), income generation is very essential for every business to survive and prosper. We have designed a unique business model for our restaurant. Therefore, we would be able to generate income from various sources such as; - Sales - Commission - Sponsorship - Grants The primary source of our revenue will be selling of fast food. We shall target young students and jobbers to sale our food. These customers are always looking for quality food at reasonable price and they are also heath conscious. We believe that we will be able to get good share of these customers as we have kept our prices very reasonable looking to the overall market rates. Moreover, we shall serve best quality food. We will also sell readymade foods of large retailers. We have already signed long term contract with two such retailers. These retailers already have base of royal customers. We shall utilize the market strength of these retailers and sell their products through our restaurants. We will get commission of 10% on food sell on behalf of them. We will also accept sponsorship from local companies to market their products. Our restaurant will be situated in the middle of the city. Moreover, we will have regular young and earning customers. Therefore, local companies will be interested in advertising with us. We are also eligible for local government grants as we are a new enterprise with young entrepreneur. This grant will help us meet our operational expenses during the initial stages. Financial Analysis Cost Analysis Variable Cost per unit of fast food will be as under: Particulars Amount Materials 5.00 Consumables 1.00 Labour 2.00 Total Variable Cost 8.00 We will purchase best quality materials from the local city area. The material will cost 5.00 per fast food. The material cost is very high because of its quality. This quality is very important for the restaurant as it wants to develop long term royal customers. Consumables will cost 1.00 per unit. This consists of various small items required for the purpose of preparing the food item. We will employ skilled workers on contract basis. These workers will be paid 2.00 per fast food item prepared by them. These workers already have very long experience of preparing quality food in other restaurants. Therefore, they will ensure quality food with good test. Fixed Costs per month will be as under: Particulars Amount Rent 1,000 Salaries 2,000 Marketing Expenses 500 Administrative Expenses 600 Maintenance Expenses 400 Total Fixed Expenses 4,500 We will run our restaurant in a rented premises instead of own premises. This will save us from huge investment at the initial stage. We have executed a long term contract with the landlord to use this premises for the purpose of our restaurant with an option to purchase the premises after 5 years. The monthly rent will be 1,000 per month during first year of operations. We will also hire full time staff for the purpose of smooth running of the restaurant. This includes a restaurant manager to oversee operations of the whole restaurant and helpers to assist the manager. Monthly salary of 2,000 will be paid to these employees. The promoters believe in the magic of marketing. Therefore, they will spend 500 per month for the purpose of marketing the restaurant. The marketing will be targeted at our target customers so that it is effective and value for money is received. This exercise will help create awareness about the restaurant and build brand of the restaurant in the long run. The restaurant will be able to charge premium price for its brand. Therefore, marketing expense is very essential part of total expenses. We will also employ one administrative staff for the purpose of day to day administration of the restaurant. Moreover, it will have to incur various administrative expenses such as electricity, stationary, telephone, utility etc. These expenses will add up to 600 per month. We will also have to incur heavy expenses on maintenance. The regular maintenance of furniture and other items is very essential in restaurant business. Therefore, we will spend 400 per month for this purpose. Revenue Analysis We will price our fast food products at 12 per unit. This price has been arrived after evaluating detailed market research carried out by an independent market research firm; price charged by other restaurants for similar products and cost structure of the restaurant. We firmly believe that we would be able to sell our products at this price. There will be no need to offer discount to customers as the selling price is already competitive. Break Even Analysis The selling price of fast food is 12 per unit whereas variable cost per unit is 8. Therefore, contribution margin is calculated as under: Particulars Amount Selling Price 12 Variable Cost 8 Contribution 4 Contribution Margin Ratio 33.33% Thus, it can be seen from the above table that contribution margin ratio of the restaurant is 33.33%. The fixed expenses of the restaurants are 4,500 per month. Therefore, breakeven point is calculated as under: Particulars Amount Fixed Expenses 4,500 Contribution Per Unit 4 Breakeven units 1,125 Breakeven Revenue 13,500 Thus, it can be seen from the above calculations that breakeven sales are 1,125 units and breakeven sales revenue is 13,500. The restaurant must generate this revenue to avoid loss. Profitability Analysis The management plans to generate after tax profit of 7,000 per month from the fast food business. As the tax rate is 30%, before tax profit required is 10,000 month. The target revenue for this profit is calculated as under: Particulars Amount Fixed Expenses 4,500 Target before Tax Profit 10,000 Total Target Contribution 14,500 Contribution Per Unit 4 Target Units 3,625 Target Sales Revenue 43,500 Thus, the restaurant must generate sales revenue of at least 43,500 to generate after tax profit of 7,000 per month. The restaurant will also get commission of 2,000 for selling products of other retailers and sponsorship revenues are expected to be 500 per month. It has been assumed on conservative side that the restaurant will not get any government grant. Further, simplicity of calculations, it has been assumed that no expenses will be required for the purpose of earning commission and sponsorship. Projected Profit Loss Statement Projected Profit Loss Statement of the restaurant for first month of operations is as under: Particulars Amount Sales Revenue 43,500 Cost of Goods Sold: Material 18,125 Consumables 3,625 Labours 7,250 29,000 Gross Profit 14,500 Other Income: Commission 2,000 Sponsorship Revenue 500 2,500 Fixed Expenses: Rent 1,000 Salaries 2,000 Marketing Expenses 500 Administrative Expenses 600 Maintenance Expenses 400 4,500 Profit before Tax 12,500 Tax @ 30% 3,750 Profit after Tax 8,750 Thus, it can be seen from the above projections that the restaurant will generate gross profit of 14,500 and net profit of 8,750 per month. Stock and Cash Controls Stock Controlling Methods Stock controlling is very essential for safeguarding assets of the company as stock is one of the major inputs for the purpose of making the food. Moreover, as our stock consists of food items, it is even more essential. We will establish following controls for the stock: We will set minimum and maximum level of stock for each item of raw material. This will ensure that adequate quantity of material is available for the purpose of making food. Setting minimum level will ensure that we dont have to miss the sales opportunity in the absence of raw material. The non-availability of raw material will result in loss of customer to the other competitor and loss of image of the company. Similarly, maximum level will ensure that there is no over investment in stock. Out stock is a perishable item and it lost its ingredients and values very quickly. The excess investment will result in wastage and unnecessary carrying cost. Therefore, setting maximum level is very essential (Avis, 2008). We will also set re-order levels for each item of material after considering its monthly requirement and lead time. This will ensure that material is timely available as and when required and there is no over investment. This will also remove subjectivity of purchase department regarding placing order (Avis, 2008). We will also set economic order quantities after considering re-order level, ordering cost and carrying cost. This will ensure that inventories are ordered in optimum quantities resulting in lowest ordering and carrying cost (Avis, 2008). We will also establish system of just in time system to control inventory level as our materials are of perishable nature. We have made long term strategic arrangement with the suppliers. We will place purchase order as per the requirement and suppliers will ensure timely delivery. This will reduce investment in inventory and wastage (Drury, 2007). We will also establish system of periodical physical verification of inventory. This physical verification will be done by persons other than persons engaged in purchase and stores department. This will ensure that physical inventory matches with inventory as per books and this will also reduce theft of material (Drury, 2007). We shall also verify slow moving and non moving items periodically. These items will be recorded and stored separately from regular items. This system will ensure that slow moving and non moving items are disposed off timely and there is no loss because of holding these inventories (Rose, 2008). We shall also conduct constant quality review of our suppliers. We shall establish system of quality check for each of our purchase. This will help us identifying goo quality and inferior quality suppliers. We will reduce business with inferior quality suppliers with the help of this analysis (Rose, 2008). Cash Controlling Methods Cash is also very important component of current assets of the company and it is prone to theft and fraud in the absence of adequate internal control systems. We will establish following systems to control cash: We will segregate cash collection and billing function between different employees. This will ensure that the person collecting cash from customer does not have access to customer ledger and the person maintaining customer ledger does not collect cash (Delena, 2013). We will make policy to deposit daily cash collection in our bank account. This will ensure that excessive cash does not remain with the cashier (Delena, 2013). We shall conduct background check of cashier before employing him. Moreover, he will be required to deposit security amount with us (Tracy, 2013). The cash will be stored in safe locker and security will be provided to it. This security person will also accompany the cashier when the cashier goes to bank for cash deposit (Tracy, 2013). We will periodically verify physical cash with cash balance as per books. This verification will be done on surprise without any prior notice (Tracy, 2013). We will periodically obtain balance confirmation from the customers to ensure that cash collections are correctly accounted (Tracy, 2013). Thus, it can be seen from the above discussion that stock and cash can be controlled with effective internal control systems. Conclusion It is clear from the above discussion that our restaurant has very good potential to grow big in size. We have already acquired the premises on long term lease and we have also hired skilled labours. We have also secured selling contracts from the leading retailers. There is large market for our products at our price. This will ensure that we earn profit from the first month of starting the business. References Avis J., 2008, Management Accounting Decision Management, 2008-2009 Edition, Oxford: CIMA Publishing. Brooks R., 2009, Financial Management: Core Concepts, 1st edition, Pearson Education Delena S., 2013, Fraud Analysis: Strategic and Methods for Detection and Prevention, London: Wiley Drury C., Management Cost Accounting, Business Press Thomson Learning Higgins R., 2007, SE edition. Analysis for Financial Management,McGraw-Hill Education James S., 2010, Essentials of Working Capital Management, Wiley Neale B. Pike R., 2009, 6th edition, Corporate Finance and Investment Decisions and Strategies, Prentice Hall Rose H., 2008, Internal Control Policies and Procedures, London: Wiley Tracy J., 2013, Accounting For Dummies, For Dummies Yescombe E.,2002, Principals of Project Finance, Massachuettes: Academic Press

Music PublishingContemporary Trends Click Now To Get Solution

Question: Describe about the music publishing busines? Answer: The music publishing business is connected with developing, valuing and protecting the ethics of contemporary music. It is a diverse scaled business demanding exceptional skills. Music publishers do play an important role in introduction of new music and taking care of the business perspective of allowing composers and all the songwriters to revolve around and concentrate all the resources for the creative work. The primary aim of music publishing is to seek out talented songwriters and encourage them to produce music by providing required facilities. The music publishing industry have been for a long time a part of the multi billion dollar venture (Stuessy, 1990) which has evolved recently at a remarkable pace. Music publishers have become central to the field of contemporary mainstream music starting from the time of 15th century marking the invention of Gutenberg press till the development of music copyrights from the 17th century rising up till 20th century. The present trends of music publishing industry have been altered at a drastic rate with downfall of the physical merchandize such as compact discs or cassettes and replacement with the new multi streamed revenue sources such as digital streaming, mobile music outlets, wireless music subscription services (Gibson, 2004) etc. This report would dwell deeper into the current trends in the music publishing industry along with having an insight into some real life examples and practical case studies for the changes in the music publishing industry. These changing trends can guide the songwriter to launch the music in the publishing industry in a contemporary format to gain maximum of the profits and secure the future success based over various revenue streams and multiple alternatives for launch. The main task of music publishers consist of pitching the relevant material to the potential audience in the aim of maximizing the profits and earnings of the writers and publishers and to collect the license fees from the broadcasters, commercial venues, some foreign royalty organizations and from sheet music and sync licenses. The year 2008 did bring a lot of drastic changes in the publishing industry of UK. The music publishers active in the region had many failed attempts in order to create a pan European regime for licensing (Throsby, 2002) but now all the major publishers of the nation have withdrawn the exclusive rights for digital distribution from European societies like MCP. Based over the type of the licenses provided by the music publishing companies, the market is segmented into public performance, folio license, reproduction, mechanical or synchronization each having different attributes and different modes of revenue at different set prices. Also, they are handled by many governing bodies and the licenses have to be attained separately. There was a shocking phase for the music publishing industry in the early years of 2000 when there was a high rise growth of file sharing and piracy (Fox, 2004). Many of the investor and stakeholders were quite skeptical about the growth and future of the music industry and publishing assets. But, the savior were the rise of legal alternatives for the consumption of music offered to the listeners in an affordable and convenient way. However, the royalty revenue have remained stable in the duration of past 15 to 20 year duration attracting many huge investors to the music publishing. The present position of the publishing industry is generation of about six billion dollars per year at a global level. The Alliance was formed between PRS and MCP (Rothenbuhler, 1982) during which the music publishing industry of UK established itself primarily as a global leader in the early years. The pan European position have been settled now with the internet distribution having access to both performance rights catering to communicating with the public and the mechanical rights referring to the copy in each and every transactional process. The result of the rights was formation of Joint Online License (Cunningham, 2002) which was a very creative and innovative approach and a platform that allowed any of the service may it be offered downloads, streamed music or subscription access for music publishing to operate in UK all falling under one agreement. This concept was adopted further by many other societies and groups. But the intended simplification turned into a collapsed system as the one stop shop for all the music enthusiasts as a single pan European license failed to create the intended im pact. Further, the EMI Music became one of the first publisher to independently set up a joint venture with The Alliance group and GEMA, the German society. This collaboration was famous as CELAS offering digital rights (Tom 2009) to Anglo-American stock on the basis of the pan European. Some of the real life examples showing collaborations for the solutions in the music publishing agency are joining of Sony ATV with GEMA known as PAECOL, and collaboration of Universal with SACAM in France. The present position in the UK music industry pertains with obtaining the licenses for any kind of major commercial work or offering any online service relating to the music from each of the group CELAS, Universal, PAECOL and PEDL (Hull, 2011). The major issue is that only two of these publishing bodies follow up English law making the situation difficult. Presently the system has put barriers to entry for all the new online providers of music. This industry is presently witnessing the course alteration transformation with a plummeting sales of some physical albums and conversion of the entire industry over the digital space and platform. With the state of flux there are various opportunities provided for the aspiring music publishers and song writers. A Performing Rights Organization (PRO) represents the music publishers and thereafter, pays them with the performance royalties when the song are played in the public domain (Scott, 1999). In practice, whenever these songs are played on television, radio, clubs or other restaurants or are performed live the writer is provided a right to be compensated and the role of the governing body SESAC is to ensure the payment to the writers. The staff of publishers and writers are one of the best as per the talent meter in the development stage as they are introduced with the songwriter partners and the potential mentors to understand the intricacies and technicalities of the business. Music licensing have also emerged being a major focal point of consideration for the purpose of revenue and exposure for the new talent in the music publishing industry. Now a days the labels and artists can make a huge sum of money by licensing their music to television shows, corporate videos, computer games, web based videos, indies, documentaries, applications, mobile phone tunes (Dane, 1998), advertising commercials, feature films and other forms of newly emerging media. It is a form of direct revenue from the licensing fees in addition to royalties obtained from sync placements. It has become a good catalyst for career making and gives good exposure to artists. Copyright is one of the most important asset owned by a musician to maximize the income and expand the exposure. It is a form of intellectual property owned by a musician in the form of documentation. The ownership rights give control of distributing, performing publically, reproducing, creative directives of displaying them. The musical composition copyright can be given to both the compose and the lyricist at equal share and the creators have the exclusive rights to have a control and monitoring of who all can produce records or copies of their songs which can be granted in the form of mechanical license or royalties. On the other hand, there is involvement of record labels, artists and producers transferring ownership of their copyrights known as artist royalties. Both of these licenses have to be obtained differently by the governing bodies. In terms of opening up a new publishing company, there is a need to affiliate the newly opened company with any of the three performing rights organizations, one of them being like SESAC. The approval of the whole process might take the time of about 6 weeks. On the other way round, the company can register works for live performance payments that allows independent music publishers of the songwriters to earn additional royalties. Forms have to be filled with the copyright office with the permission of the PRO. The latest noticeable trend is of music publishing development deal where some of the major publishing companies can offer advance to the songwriter or the artist in anticipation of a successful career in the future with good record deals. This is one of the dream opportunity given to the artists as the publishing company handle the expenses of professional learning and grooming in music industry. For example, Paula Cole entered into the industry by the means of advance deals and earned a lot of royalties for himself and the sponsoring publishers. This goes on with the procedure that the publisher offers a huge sum of about twelve thousand to thirty thousand dollars in advance for one year deal (Power, 2002) and in return the artist have to give fifty per cent of the publishing rights of all the songs written in the agreement duration. Recently, there are some of the positive factors that are having influence over the dynamics in the publishing industry. The termination of the licenses and transfers provision for the Copyright Act giving writers a chance to reclaim their rights. The royalty earnings are likely to be boosted up in the upcoming years and in the near future due to enormous and explosive growth of the platforms of digital media such as Spotify, YouTubes Music Key, and Deezer. YouTube has become one of the great ally for the music licensing and publishing industry giving an incredible fortune and platform to seekers. Web based advertising and music branding have collaborated innovatively to grow rapidly in the industry. YouTube has accumulated billions of play on videos using copyrighted music and they under the rule of YouTube monetization policy (Wikstrm, 2013) have to give royalties pertaining to all the views. The uploader of the video needs to get permission from the copyright owner as well as the performing master and from the side of the publisher, he needs to gain a synch license and from the label concerned he needs to fetch a master use license in the present times of contemporary digital media publishing. Royalty Exchange is a startup formed in the year of 2011 to create a marketplace where it will be easy to auction the royalty revenue stream to the attributed investors. Many songwriters can use this as a platform to share a part of the royalty income. One of the very live example is the producer and the songwriter Preston Glass working with Natalie Cole, Whitney Houston and Aretha Franklin auctioned about 15 songs of himself by the medium of this Royalty Exchange Platform (Preston, 2011). He raised a sum of 158,000 dollars from an investor who is benefited by receiving a cut of the songs when they are played on the media modes or is streamed digitally online. The company takes up 2.5 % from buyer and about 5 to 12.5 per cent from the seller. This Royalty Exchange has sold more than the amount of 2 million for more than 2000 songs. It is expected that the platform will significantly expand once the SEC will pass the final regulations over the JOBS Acts general solicitation rules. The renowned name of Irving Azoff in the music industry as an ex Chairman of Live Nation and dealer and manager of record industry have colonized the publishing space. Global Music Rights company was formed with collaboration of Azoff with PRO heads and managers that offers licensing, collection and distributing services for the exclusive rights (Nash, 2010) that are granted to very few number of artists. A multi revenue stream is adopted by the music publishing industry and is popular by the platform of 360 degree deals. The annual value recorded of the British record industry was about 634 million Euros and in which 402 million euros was of the publishing sector (Vogel, 2010) generated from merchandize, fan services and brand partnerships being additional. Presently, the single major internet initiated music publishing challenge and music industry revolution is of the innovation of direct-to-fan in which many labels have missed out the potential revenue means. Though writers have a perception about exploiting their works based over Internet, viral video sites and music search engines but, the song writers need to register the copyrights with the world governing bodies and the performing rights societies and some of the mechanical licensing organization. They also have to review the royalty statements and all the payments received from organizations. In the contemporary times, the agreements of the songwriters with the music publishers are more likely in the direction of helping the finance and the careers of the writers themselves. A publisher may offer advance royalties with all the facilities or in some cases songwriters are secured for the future collaboration over the digital media stream. The present trends have brought in a slightest relief with revering record industry and the difference of about 0.2 % hike from 2012 to 2013 in the music market making the decline end up. Booming and aspiring digital revenues actually played a prime role in renewing the optimism for the industry. The subscription based streaming service is gaining most of the attention with some of the majorly focusing sectors such as iTunes or ad funding in YouTube or some other application Vevo (Hracs, 2012) that have brought in an interesting series of revenue system. Public performance licensing is also becoming one of the key sources of revenues for the record companies. Therefore, the system of 360 degrees (Throsby, 2002) and multi revenue streams with incoming of digital media and digital streaming have killed the physical record system and have transformed the entire publishing industry on to a new domain and have opened new opportunities and dimensions for the new artists and aspirants. The new players are entering into the realm of the music publishing industry ranging from private equity funds and going to the record companies due to incoming of diversified revenue streams. Hence, this study provided a deep insight into the recent trends of the music publishing industry giving an idea for the future projects. It is recommended for the songwriter that he may either go for the dream opportunity for an advance collaboration with the music publishing company or try out for the innovative digital streaming revenue modes in a multi dimensional approach. References 1. Stuessy, J., Lipscomb, S. 1990,Rock Roll. Prentice Hall.2. Gibson, C., Klocker, N. 2004, Academic publishing as creativeindustry, and recent discourses of creative economies: some critical reflections,Area, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 423-434.3. Throsby, D. 2002, The music industry in the new millennium: Global and local perspectives,Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity. Paris: UNESCODivision of Arts and Cultural Enterprise.4. Fox, M. 2004, E-commerce business models for the music industry,Popular Music and Society, 27, no. 2, pp. 201-220.5. Rothenbuhler, E. W., Dimmick, J. W. 1982, Popular music: Concentration and diversity in the industry, 19741980,Journal of Communication, 32, no. 1, pp. 143-149.6. Cunningham, S. D. 2002, From cultural to creative industries: Theory, industry, and policy implications,Media international Australia incorporating culture and policy: quarterly journal of media research and resources, no. 102, pp. 54-65.7. Tom Frederikse, 2009, Major changes in the UK Music Publishing Industry, Available: https://www.musiclawupdates.com/?p=1838, [Accessed: 28/5/2015].8. Hull, G. P., Hutchison, T. W., Strasser, R. 2011,The Music business and recording industry: Delivering music in the 21st century, Taylor Francis.9. Scott, A. J. 1999, The US recorded music industry: on the relations between organization, location; and creativity, in the cultural economy,Environment and Planning A, 31, no. 11, pp. 1965-1984.10. Dane, C., Laing, D. 1998, The UK music industry: Some recent developments,Cultural Trends, 8, no. 31, pp. 3-23.11. Power, D., Hallencreutz, D. 2002, Profiting from creativity? The music industry in Stockholm, Sweden and Kingston, Jamaica,Environment and Planning A, 34, no. 10, pp. 1833-1854.12. Wikstrm, P. 2013,The music industry: Music in the cloud, Polity.13. Preston, P., Rogers, J. 2011, Social networks, legal innovations and the new music industry,info, 13, no. 6, pp. 8-19.14. Nash, R. 2010, Publishing 2020,Publishing Research Quar terly, 26, no. 2, pp. 114-118.15. Vogel, H. L. 2010,Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis, Cambridge University Press.16. Hracs, B. J. 2012, A creative industry in transition: the rise of digitally driven independent music production, Growth and Change, 43, no. 3, pp. 442-461.